音韻學作業

Phonology 音韻學

1. 語音 speech sounds
在語音學與音韻學中，語音一詞所指的是說話時所發出的聲音。語音是具體存在的物理現象。最小單位的語音片段稱為音素.

2. 語音資料庫 speech sounds corpus
包含語料,語音辨識,語音特徵等.

3. 語言分類 language typology
語言分類的方式有很多種,一種是根據語系.例如,以歐洲大陸而言,除了印歐語系之外,另一個主要的語系是烏拉語系.而亞非語系(Afro-Asiatic)語言則屬北非和中東的一大語系,包括希伯來語和阿拉伯等現代閃語(Semitic).漢藏語系(Sino-Tibetan)語系包括國語(Mandarin),各種方言,以及緬甸語和藏語.而大多數的非洲語言則屬Niger-Congo語系.另外,南島(Austronesian)語系則包括多達約九百多種語言,其涵蓋範圍西自非洲的馬達加斯加島,東至夏威夷群島.另一種分類語言的方式則是借助語言特性,而不考慮語系.每個語言都包含主語(S),賓語(O),動詞(V)的句子,以這三者在語言中的基本詞序來決定,則有六種可能的語言類型.

4. 語音處理器官 speech sound processing organs
分成兩類，第一類本身可以運動，語言學上叫作發音器官(Articulator)，包括下唇及舌頭，舌頭又分為舌尖、舌前、舌中、舌後。第二類不會運動，叫作發音點(Point of Articulation)，包括上唇、硬顎、軟顎、上齒槽、下齒槽、聲帶、聲門。

5. 音韻學經典著作 classics in phonology
(1) Carr, Philip (1993) Phonology. Macmillan.
(2) Kenstowicz, Michael (1994) Phonology in Generative Grammar.Blackwell.
(3) Goldsmith, John (1996) The Handbook of Phonological Theory.Blackwell.
(4) Spencer, Andrew (1996) Phonology: Theory and Description. Blackwell.
(5) Archangeli, Diana and D. Terrence Langendoen (1997) Optimality Theory. Blackwell.(6) Gussenhoven, Carlos and Haike Jacobs (1998) Understanding Phonology. Arnold/Oxford. (7) Roca, I., Johnson, W., & Roca, A. (1999). A Course in Phonology.

6. 音韻學家,音韻學派 phonologists, phonological schools
(1) phonologists
Baudouin de Courtenay (1845-1929)
Kruszewski, M. H. (1851-87) (KazanSchool)
Sweet, Henry (1845-1912)
Kruszewski, Mikol/aj (1851-1887)
Saussure, Ferdinand de (1857-1913)
Jones, Daniel (1881-1967)
Firth, J. R. (1890-1960, London School: Prosodic Phonology)
Trubetzkoj, Nikolaj S. (16. April, 1890-25 Juni, 1938)
Roman Jakobson (1896-1982) (Prague School of Phonology)
Hjelmslev, Louis (1899-1965, Copenhagen School)
William Dwight Whitney
Franz Boas
Edward Sapir
Leonard Bloomfield (American Structuralist Phonology)
Morris Halle
Fant, Gunnar
Noam Chomsky (Generative Phonology)
Donegan, P. J.
Stampe, D.
Vennemann, Theo
Hopper, J. B.
John Ohala

(2) phonological schools
Historical Phonology
Evolutionary Phonology
Kazan School
American Structuralist Phonology
Prague School of Phonology (1939)
Copenhagen School (1943)
London School: Prosodic Phonology (1946,1757)
Dependency Phonology (1950s,1986,1987)
Tagmemic Phonology(1987)
Sign Language Phonology (1960s,1995)
Stratificational Phonology (1960s)
Generative Phonology (1968)
Syllabic Phonology (1969,1995)
Government Phonology
Nonsegmental Phonology(1976)
Natural Phonology (1972,1979)
Natural Generative Phonology (1979)
Natural Equational Phonology(1981)
Categorial Phonology (1960s,1981)
CV Phonology (1983)
Discourse phonological (1984)
Particle Phonology (1984)
Atomic Phonology (1985)
Lexical Phonology (1985)
Declarative Phonology (1986)
Declarative Lexical Phonology
Prosodic Phonology (1986)
Autosegmental Phonology (1976,1989)
Three Dimensional Phonology (1980)
Multidimensional Phonology
Metrical Phonology (1982,1989)
Moraic Phonology (1983,1991)
Dynamic Phonology (1985)
Experimental Phonology (1986)
Laboratory Phonology(1990)
Formal Phonology (1992)
Constraint Based Phonology (1992)
Attribute Value Phonology (1992)
Cognitive Phonology (1993)
Harmonic Phonology (1993)
Optimality Phonology (1993,1997,1999)
Grounded Phonology(1994)
Computational Phonology (1995)
Intonational Phonology (1996)
Functional Phonology(1998)
Second Language Phonology(2001)
Phonetically Based Phonology (2004)

7. 音韻系統實證 empirical verification of phonological system
包含失語症,語言障礙,語言治療,語言習得等等.

8. 應用音韻學 applied phonology
sound change, phonological hierarchy, free variation, distinctive features, intonation and tone ,pitch、accent、substitution, assimilation、dissimilation.