LB 038-042 T

LB 038-042 T
A most important aspect of facial anatomy is the shape and nature of our cheeks and their relation to the size of the mouth. The architectural peculiarities of man’s skull and jaw brought about modifications in the configuration of the cheeks. They cover most of the molars during all comfortable movements of the mouth and under no circumstances are we able to bare all our teeth. In Fig. 2.4 the anatomical layers of the facial muscles are well illustrated. Once the superficial modiolar muscles are removed, the extremely sturdy muscles of the cheeks, the buccinator, may be seen, and Fig. 2.5 the insertion of this muscle in the jaws demonstrates the enclosing nature of the soft tissues around the gap between the jaws.

臉部解剖學上的結構,最重要的部分是有關於它的形狀,臉頰的特性,以及它們和口腔大小之間的關係.人類頭骨,颌骨結構的特殊性造成了臉頰結構上的修正.有關口腔所有的舒適活動中,它們涵蓋了大部分的臼齒, 並且讓我們可以暴露我們所有的牙齒.在圖2.4中,有關臉部肌肉在解剖學上構造的層次可以看得很清楚.當外表像蜗的軸肌肉在移動時,臉頰最結實的肌肉,頰肌,可能會顯現出來.在圖2.5中,颌骨肌肉的附著點顯示了包含在颌骨間隙中的軟組織的特性.

The topography described so far is relevant to the production of the following speech sounds: the relatively small mouth and the highly mobile, powerful lips allow instantaneous building up of air pressure followed by sudden release employed in the labial stops p and b, said to be one of the earliest sounds produced by the children. If the release of the lips is less sudden and closure sustained in the presence of vocalization, the sound m is produced. The intricate muscular anatomy around and in the corners of the mouth also comes regularly into play during the production of all vowels and labio-dentals such as f, v, w, and wh.

局部解剖學至今描述了有關以下聲音的產生:在發唇塞音p,b時,孩童最容易發的音之一,是小唇和活動性最強的唇部允許瞬間氣壓的增強,使得唇部突發性的張開所產生的.如果唇部的開闔沒有這麼突然,並承受了母音化的發音,則m的聲音就產生了.肌肉在解剖上的複雜性和口腔的角度也使得在發母音和脣齒音,例如f, v, w和wh形成了規律性.






(2) Topographical Anatomy of Oral Cavity, Pharynx, and Hypopharynx

口腔,咽頭,咽喉的局部解剖學

We must now consider the general configuration of the internal organs that are effective during speech and their anatomical relationship to one another.

我們現在必須考慮到的是那些在發音上會造成影響的器官其內部的一般性排列和他們在解剖學上的關係.

Man’s skull deviates from the skull of other primates in several respects. Most of the deviations may be attributed to either of two major factors: (1) the increase in volume of the brain and (2) the change in posture and the concomittant shift of the center of gravity of the head. The geometic transformations shown in Fig. 2.6 illustrate these points.

造成人類的頭骨和其他靈長類的不同之處在於以下兩點主要的原因.(1)腦容量的增加.(2)由於頭部地心引力的影響造成了姿勢的變化.在幾何學上的改變,圖2.6說明了這個論點.

The changes that have taken place affect the entire configuration of the sound-producing structures. Thus the internal geometry of all resonating chambers is altered despite the fact that all bones, muscles, and other soft tissues have homologues among higher primates. Figures 2.7 to 2.11 show some of the alterations, although the exact shape of the tongue and soft palate during lifetime cannot be inferred from these photographs because of fixation artifacts ( due particularly to postmortem shrinkage of interstitial substances). Nevertheless, it is clear that the radio of height, length, and width of the oral cavity is different in man from that of his closest of skin and there must be concomitant shifts in the relative position, suspension, and attachment of the tongue.

改變的產生影響了整個發音結構上的配置.因此,使得所有共鳴腔在內部幾何學上產生改變.儘管所有的骨頭,肌肉,和其他軟組織在較高層次的靈長類中是同源的.圖2.7到2.11顯示了一些改變,雖然舌頭,軟顎正確的外形終生沒有辦法從這些由固定的人為構造圖片來推論.(由於驗屍的特殊性使得其中的物質縮小了.)儘管如此,人類口腔的長寬高比例明顯的和其親屬有所不同.在舌頭停頓,其附屬物在相關位置上必定存在著相異之處.

Also interesting is the position and orientation of the incisors relative to tip of tongue and oral cavity. In apes and many monkeys the mandible forms a “shelf” that is anterior to the tongue tip with the incisors pointing outward; when the mouth is closed in the orangutan and gorilla, the upper and lower incisors meet at an angle. Man, on the other hand, gives the impression of having the incisors and the bones in which they are imbedded pushed into the oral cavity. Thus flattens out the angle formed by the incisors when the mouth is closed.

另外,有趣的是門齒的位置和其適應性,以及舌尖和口腔之間的相關性.在猿類以及許多猴類中,下颌骨形成一個空架狀,使得門齒和舌尖前面往外;當猩猩和大猩猩將嘴巴闔上時,較高和較低的門齒會形成一個角度.人類,在另外一方面,其門齒和骨骼則是在口腔中.當嘴巴閉起來的時候,這個門齒的角度則會消失.